3d earthquake models for 6th graders
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The effectiveness of the FRP retrofit in recovering or enhancing the earthquake resistance of deficient RC structures as well as those that meet modern design standards are investigated. The experimental investigations include cyclic lateral load tests on FRP retrofitted RC shear walls in repair and strengthening applications, including those with varying aspect ratios ranging from slender flexural walls to squat walls dominated by brittle shear behaviour. This paper provides an overview of studies on experimental testing and analytical modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls retrofitted with externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer sheets (FRP) conducted at Carleton University.
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The same principle of timely sowing seeds in a good ground is also applicable to building a better and more resilient family structure against environmental hazards, such as drugs or violence, and we must do it timely because time flies.
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The proper use of NRHA enables structural engineers to design and build safer and better buildings with less construction cost than buildings without using the NRHA method against environmental hazards, such as earthquakes or winds. The way to gain that knowledge and understanding is timely sowing seeds in a good ground that will reap rich harvest.
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Therefore, knowledge in the NRHA method and understanding of its proper use are essential. NRHA is inherently complicated and complex because it involves earthquake ground motions which are random, in conjunction with nonlinear structural analyses due to the decreasing stiffness and increasing damping values of a structure resulting from concrete cracking and steel yielding at each time step of earthquake ground motions. And local jurisdictions (building departments) in the United States and China and other countries have required NRHA to be performed for high-rise buildings. Buildings have been designed and built worldwide using NRHA successively. The state of practice for the design of important structures whose failures could cause significant casualty of people’s life has been using NRHA for seismic and wind analyses and to ensure the safety of these buildings and to provide comfort to occupants and savings to building owners. Some of the NRHA methods have been verified by shake table dynamic testing. The state of knowledge is that research has developed nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) method for predicting the behavior (response) of reinforced concrete structures subjected to winds or earthquake ground motions from reinforcing steel yielding at critical sections to structural member (beam, column, connection, slab, and wall) failures up to partial or the whole structural system collapse. The duty of structural engineers is to design and build structures or buildings (1) that are safe, (2) that provide comfort to occupants during strong winds or earthquakes, and (3) that will result in the least construction cost and the most savings to building owners. Moreover, the new prefabricated frame exhibits such characteristics as large rotation, low damage, self-centering, and ease of repair. By contrast, the novel RC frame with a newly proposed structural detailing demonstrates a minor joint region damage with a satisfying progressive collapse resistance. The experimental results of seismic cyclic and progressive collapse tests indicate that although implementing progressive collapse design can effectively enhance the progressive collapse resistance of RC frame, the beam could be over-strengthened, resulting in a potential unfavorable “strong beam-weak column” failure mode. In this study, two novel concrete frames are proposed to satisfy the demands of both seismic and progressive collapse designs. Existing research has revealed that considering the seismic design and progressive collapse design individually for a structure may lead to an undesirable structural performance and unnecessary waste of materials. Earthquake and progressive collapse are two critical hazards increasing the collapse risks of reinforced concrete (RC) frames.